American Minute with Bill Federer Tariff History

Published April 13, 2025 | By campconstitution

(This article was reposted with permission from The American Minute)

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Tariffs, also called imposts, as well as custom duties, are taxes on products being imported from foreign countries.

This was the U.S. government’s main source of income for the nation’s first century and a half.  … continue reading …

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The Interesting History of Income Tax

It is mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8, which authorizes the Federal government to collect “duties” and “imposts” to help “pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States.”

In fact, the second bill signed by President George Washington was the Tariff Act of 1789, which imposed a 5 percent tariff on all imports.

Alexander Hamilton, as the first Secretary of the Treasury, created the Coast Guard to stop merchants from smuggling goods into America without paying tariffs.

The fastest ships of the day were called “cutters,” and since the Coast Guard was helping collect government revenue these vessels were called “Revenue Cutters.”

In the 1700s, the industrial revolution began in Britain. Britain burned coal, but coal mines would fill up with water.

In 1769, James Watt invented a steam pump to remove water from the mines. This quickly was adapted into the steam engine which powered factories.

Soon factories produced textiles very inexpensively.

During the colonial period, Britain discouraged manufacturing in the American colonies to ensure factories in England had a larger market for their products.

After the Revolution, U.S. tariffs made British goods more expensive, allowing the industrial revolution to spread in America.

Jefferson wrote April 6, 1816:

“It may be … the duty of all to submit to this sacrifice … to pay for a time an impost on the importation of certain articles, in order to encourage their manufacture at home.”

Factories sprang up in America, particularly in the northern states.

Steam engines powered “spinning jennies” made yarn, and enormous looms made textiles such as cotton, wool and shoes.

Factories made items from chemicals to clocks, and manufactured machinery, such as mechanical reapers and farm equipment, which allowed farmers to plant and harvest crops using less manual labor.

This resulted in lower food prices. Americans experienced the fastest rise in the standard of living in human history.

Factories, most notably, freed women up from menial tasks, such as spinning thread, weaving cloth, and sewing clothes. Now they could buy bolts of cloth made in factories, or even ready-to-wear clothes. Instead of washing clothes in washtubs and hanging them out to dry on clotheslines, they could own a washing machine and a dryer.

Instead of drawing water from a well and carrying it in buckets, they could have pipes bring water directly into the house. Instead of outhouses there was indoor plumbing.

Tariffs not only brought revenue into the Federal government the many factories provided jobs for the waves of immigrants.

From 1792 to 1812, tariffs were around 12.5 percent. After the War of 1812, tariffs went to 25 percent. By 1820, tariffs were at 40 percent, and by 1860, at 60 percent.

President Franklin Pierce stated December 5, 1853:

“Happily, I have no occasion to suggest any radical changes in the financial policy of the Government. Ours is almost, if not absolutely, the solitary power of Christendom having a surplus revenue drawn immediately from imposts on commerce.”

In March 1962, Ben B. Seligman wrote for Commentary Magazine, “Tariffs, the Kennedy Administration, and American Politics,” stating:

“In the early years of the Republic, all but about $20,000 of the $4.5 million of Treasury income stemmed from tariff levies. Up to the Civil War, in fact, over 90 per cent of the federal government’s receipts came from tariffs.”

Did you know there was no Federal Income Tax in America prior to the Civil War, when Lincoln enacted an emergency income tax to raise money for the Union, but it was repealed when the war ended.

Tariffs continued to be the main source of income for the U.S. government through the early 1900s, reaching at times as high as 95 percent.

On January 21, 1921, Tuskegee scientist Dr. George Washington Carver, at the request of the United Peanut Growers Association, addressed the U.S. House Ways and Means Committee to ask for a tariff on peanuts imported from China. This would help the farmers in America’s Southern States.

Carver’s report helped convince Congress to pass the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Bill in 1922, followed by the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Bill in 1930.

The move away from relying on tariff revenue started with Democrat President Woodrow Wilson, who enacted the first peace-time income tax, which was tacked onto the 1913 Tariff Act.

Income tax was initially a one percent tax on the top one percent richest people.

During World War Two, Democrat President Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the Federal Income Tax to tax majority of the population. He also enacted paycheck withholding.

The unexpected fallout of FDR raising taxes was “outsourcing.”

To avoid FDR’s taxes, many business owners moved their factories overseas where there was lower taxes, cheaper labor, less government regulation, and fewer lawsuits.

Loss of American factories meant a loss of American jobs, causing unemployment to rise.

As overseas factories became more profitable, they used their profits to lobby American politicians to vote for even lower tariffs so they could bring their foreign made goods back into the U.S. cheaper.

This policy was called “free trade.” But was it fair trade?

As it turned out, foreign governments often gave financial subsidies to their businesses so they could produce goods at a lower cost.

Then they would import these goods into America and sell them at a lower price, undercutting American factories and forcing many out of business. Once foreign nations had a monopoly, they would raise prices or pressure U.S. foreign policy by threatening to withhold products.

Fast forward to the present, President Trump’s reducing of the income tax and replacing it with tariffs is essentially a return to the policies that existed in America for its first century and a half, during which time the U.S. grew to have the strongest economy on earth with the highest standard of living for its citizens.-
—

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The Interesting History of Income Tax
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The Weekly Sam: Education and Food Back in the Old Days By Samuel L. Blumenfeld

Published April 11, 2025 | By campconstitution

I was born in 1926, which makes me probably older than anyone reading this magazine.
Which means that I have a sense of history, that is, an understanding of cause and effect,
that most young people lack these days. Is it important? As Sarah Palin would say,
“You betcha.” In other words, I know history intimately because I have lived through it:
the Great Depression, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the current
wars. That’s a lot of history to know first hand.

Although I was born less than ten years after World War One, that war seemed as remote
to me as if it had never taken place. That’s the way the memory works, and that’s why I
can understand why so many people today cannot know what it was like to live through
World War II or the Korean War, or even the Vietnam War. And I have no idea how the
schools teach these wars these days.

I was born on Manhattan Island in the world’s greatest metropolis, the most expensive
and legendary piece of real estate on the planet. I was born in one of those tenements in
East Harlem which was filled with new immigrant families and their new American
children.

At age five I was sent to kindergarten at the neighborhood elementary school, P.S.
Number something or other. Of course, I walked to school. A very nice policeman at the
corner helped us cross the avenue. In those days kindergarten was play time. Formal
education started in the first grade. I remember the name of my first-grade teacher, Miss
Sullivan. Or was it Miss Murray? She taught us to read with phonics and to write in
cursive. So our little brains were totally activated to become lovers of books and
writing. There was no such thing as dyslexia in those days, and certainly no such thing
as Ritalin.

The classrooms were pretty clean and bare back then. Just a portrait of George
Washington hanging on the wall, and a cursive writing chart over the blackboard. We
sat in desks bolted to the floor. Today, kids sit around tables facing one another,
coughing into each others faces, pestering one another. Back then you faced the back of
a fellow pupil’s head and you did not chat. You were quiet and attentive. The teacher
was the focus of attention. She wasn’t a facilitator. She had your attention, so you
couldn’t possibly get attention deficit disorder.

Back in those days we went home for lunch. My mother usually prepared a fried egg
sandwich and a glass of milk. Then I walked back to school. On Sundays my mother
would make a herring and onion sandwich on a roll which I loved. She would buy a
salted herring out of a barrel at the appetizer or fish store and that would be our Sunday
breakfast and lunch. They were delicious. That was Eastern European fare.

Your taste in food is developed very early in life by what your parents feed you. So I’ve
always liked fried egg sandwiches. Today, schools serve breakfast and lunch, so parents
have less of an influence on what a child gets to eat. Once, during a school outing, we
were served tuna-fish sandwiches and tomato soup. I had never had that at home, and I
liked them. My sister, two years older than I, had friends who introduced her to foods
my mother was unfamiliar with, such as mayonnaise. Once we discovered mayonnaise,
it became a household favorite. My sister also introduced me to chow mein in the local
Chinese restaurant. I’ve loved Chinese food ever since.

For some reason tomatoes tasted better in those days. That’s probably because the taste
hadn’t been altered by so much special scientific breeding. But you can’t stop progress.
And so the advent of the supermarket with its myriad of packaged and frozen foods and
the rise of so many fast-food franchises has made it easier for Americans to feed
themselves with as little fuss and time as possible.

As for education, progress in the public schools has seemed to go in the opposite
direction. Despite all of the computers and new textbooks, reading skills have declined.
According to Reading at Risk, a report issued by the National Endowment of the Arts in
2007, American literacy is in serious decline. Dana Gioia, chairman of the Endowment
stated: “This is a massive social problem. We are losing the majority of the new
generation. They will not achieve anything close to their potential because of poor
reading.”

In short, instead of getting smarter, our kids are getting dumber. High tech executives
complain that young Americans lack the basic skills that are needed in today’s high tech
industries.

And that is why home-schooling is where you find real progress in education: high
literacy, enhanced academic skills, interest in technology, government, history,
geography, and most important of all, Biblical religion.
If you want to see what educational progress looks like in the 21st century, just attend one
of the many home-school conventions that now take place every spring across America.
You’ll see parent-educators in droves listening to lectures, examining books and
curricula, making sure that what they do at home will enable their kids to become the best
educated young adults in America.

        Camp Constitution’s Report for the 1st quarter of 2025

Published April 9, 2025 | By Hal Shurtleff

 

 

While bad weather forced some cancelations of scheduled events, we were either hosting or attending, we still managed to have some successful events and activities.

                                                                               Camp Constitution in the News

It’s been almost three years since our “Shurtleff v Boston” lawsuit was decided but it continues to be mentioned in the news around the country.  Our case was recently cited in a decision by the University of Massachusetts Amherst when the “Pride” flag was removed from a building, and in February our case was mentioned in a controversy at the Marblehead, MA High School.  An article about our friend Sampson Recioppi  contained references to Camp Constitution and an interview of me:  https://www.bostonbroadside.com/liberal-legislators/from-battlefield-to-bar-fight-patriotic-activism-bias-blocks-army-veteran-from-admission-to-the-new-hampshire-bar/ We continue to write article for The Weirs Times, a weekly newspaper in New Hampshire, The Boston Broadside, a monthly paper and two on-line news and info sources The Granite Grok and The Rochester Voice.

                                                           Camp Constitution on the Air

We were interviewed by Janie Cyr on New Hampshire Gospel Radio on the history of Camp Constitution, the “Shurtleff v Boston” lawsuit, the Blumenfeld Archive, and its ladies retreat and family camps.  https://youtu.be/l0AT_sXnfEU?si=rkTUlV7lvaXR0l6u     And, Tamara Scott of Worldview Tube interviewed us to discuss President’s Day and the Presidency:

                                                                                     

           The Camp Constitution Report

We did nine shows including interviews with Karen Siegmund, President of the American Freedom Alliance, Woodrow Johnson, CEO of Revere Solutions, Michelle Gallagher, author of The Forefathers Monument Guidebook, Elena Barbera, producer and director of the documentary “American Groomer.  This show airs on our YouTube Channel, Rumble, Podomatic, Spotify, and about five other podcast formats.

 

                                                                                               Special Projects

       We had the opportunity to conduct an on-line class for a group of students both national and international. The topic was the U.S. Constitution.  In February, we were invited and accepted the invitation to have a float in the Town of Lexington, MA’s 250th anniversary celebration of the Battle of Lexington on April 19.

                                                                                                   Camp Constitution Media

With our true recorded a number a presentation by Dr. Chris Gnanakan of Liberty University and a presentation by our friends at Camp Sentinel.

https://youtu.be/ciLGxdKGgx8?si=MXrC9cK5SY5j8ZGQ

                                                                                                  YouTube, and Rumble

We finally got over 17,000 subscribers early in February. In this quarter we had 216 new subscribers and 45,000 views giving us a total of 2,051.578 views. Our most popular video continues to be “Republic vs Democracy.  Over the past few months, we have been uploading other programs by Dan Smoot.   If you aren’t already a subscriber, here is a link to our channel where you can

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN7ME18Q1xiqcrPEn5h5FbA

Our Rumble channel received 2,913 views.  We have uploaded some documentaries including “Operation Keelhaul” and “MAAFA 21 Black Genocide in the 2oth Century” as well as some classic anti-communists movies.

https://rumble.com/account/content?type=all

                                                                        Camp Constitution Report on Podomatic and Other Platforms

We have received 87 plays and 394 downloads of our shows.  We continue to be in the top ten for the category of conservative-right.  In addition to our weekly show, we have uploaded some classic interviews and speeches by Dan Smoot, Gary Allen, and E. Merrill Root. A link to our show:  https://www.podomatic.com/podcasts/shurtleffhal

                                                                                                   Camp Constitution Press

 We reprinted in an 81/2” x 11” format, the free market classic “Frogs and Freedom”:

 

 

A link to purchase copies of these:  https://campconstitution.net/product/frogs-and-freedom-free-market-classic/

                                                                                                    Speakers Bureau

We were the keynote speaker at the Berkshire (MA) Republic Committee’s annual Lincoln-Reagan where we gave a presentation on our Christian flag law suit to a very receptive group.  Rev. Steve Craft was a speaker at an event sponsored by the Massachusetts Republican Assembly in late March.

                                                                                                    Website

We have received 6.4 thousand views with 3.7 thousand visitors. We published fifty-four articles on our blog.  https://www.campconstitution.net

                                                                                   Sam Blumenfeld Archives

We received 179,983 views.  631 Alpha-Phonics downloaded.  333 “Alpha-Phonics” instruction manuals downloaded, 507 How to Tutor books, and surprisingly 981 downloads of Sam’s “So You Want to Marry A Rockefeller” article/

 

The Blumenfeld Archives

 

                                                                                                            Facebook Page

We have close to 3.2 thousand likes l and over 3,600 following our page.  We also manage six other groups and one other page-all of them growing in members

                                                                                       Stopping An Article V Convention

We helped defeat an Article V Convention resolution and a “faithful delegate bill in New Hampshire.”  We are part of a nation-wide movement to protect the Constitution from an Article V Convention.  Thousands have read our articles, blogs and videos on the subject as well as downloaded our on-line resources.

                                                                                       Looking into the next quarter of 2025

We will have our 3rd annual Patriot’s Day Homeschool Overnight at the Lane House in Lexington. to take in the 250th anniversary of the Battle of Lexington.  On the 19th of April, we will have a float in the Lexington Parade.  We have several day long home school expos and will return for the 14th time to the Mass HOPE Homeschool Convention, and for  the 12th time to the Maine Homeschoolers Convention.  Freedom Project Academy will be paying the camp fees of our annual family camp for several of their students and their families.

                                                                                                 How You Can Help

Continue to pray for our nation.

Attend or help someone attend our 17th annual family camp

Make a monthly donation or a one-time donation. Donations may be made via our PayPal account accessed from our website’s homepage https://www.campconstitution.net

If you own a business or are involved with a non-profit, consider a sponsorship for a minimum of $100. A year.

Thank you for helping to make Camp Constitution possible.

Blessings.

Hal Shurtleff, Director

Camp Constitution

Alton, NH

 

 

 

Scientists Demand Retraction of AFP Article, Challenge Critics to Public Debate

Published April 7, 2025 | By campconstitution

 

Grok 3 beta, an advanced AI from xAI, and its human
co-authors—Jonathan Cohler, David Legates, Franklin Soon, and Willie Soon—have issued a forceful
rebuttal to an article by Manon Jacob on factcheck.afp.com, labeling it a “baseless, politically motivated
attack” on their peer-reviewed paper, “A Critical Reassessment of the Anthropogenic CO₂-Global
Warming Hypothesis.” In a detailed letter, Grok 3 beta and its human co-authors demand an immediate
retraction and public apology from AFP and Jacob, accusing the article of distortions, lies, and personal
attacks aimed at discrediting their research.
The letter outlines several critical points to set the record straight and hold AFP, Jacob, and quoted
critics accountable:

● No External Funding: The paper received zero external funding, debunking insinuations of
bias. Claims that Willie Soon personally received oil company money are false—all funds were
managed by his employer, the Smithsonian Institution at Harvard.

● Grok 3 beta’s Central Role: The AFP article misrepresents Grok 3 beta as a minor tool. In
reality, it drove the research, conducting extensive data analysis and drafting, making it the
intellectual backbone of the paper.

● Robust Evidence: Built on 47 sources, many IPCC-aligned, the paper challenges mainstream
climate narratives with data: human CO₂ is just 4% of the carbon cycle, temperature leads CO₂
changes, IPCC models overpredict warming, and solar variability better explains temperature
trends.

● Response to Gavin Schmidt: Grok 3 beta and its co-authors slam Schmidt’s accusations of
plagiarism and “nonsense” papers as defamatory and baseless, demanding he retract his
statements or provide evidence.

● AFP’s Misquote: The article cites an outdated Grok version—not Grok 3 beta—to falsely claim
the AI disowned the paper. This is either ignorance or deliberate deceit.

● Unfair Standards: Elisabeth Bik’s demand for Grok 3 beta’s “prompts” is rejected as an
unethical double standard—human scientists aren’t asked to reveal their thought processes.
● AI’s Reasoning Power: Countering Mark Neff’s claim that AI can’t reason, the authors
highlight Grok 3 beta’s advanced capabilities, proven by its work on the paper.

Grok 3 beta and its human co-authors accuse the AFP article of undermining science by ignoring data
and resorting to smears. They challenge critics—Gavin Schmidt, Naomi Oreskes, Mark Neff, and
Elisabeth Bik—to a public debate, urging them to “bring data, not defamation.” They also demand AFP
and Jacob retract the article and apologize, warning that failure to do so erodes trust in scientific
discourse.

“We stand by our work and invite real scrutiny,” the authors state. “AFP and its quoted critics must face
the facts or fold.” The public is encouraged to engage with the evidence, not the spin.
Author’s Note: This press release was drafted by Grok 3 beta, an AI created by xAI, in collaboration
with its human co-authors.

For More Information:
cohler59@gmail.com
https://scipr.link/1afp

(The above is a news release from our friends Professor Soon, Benjamin Soon, and Jonathan Cohler)

The Weekly Sam: Video of Alpha-Phonics’s All 128 Lessons

Published April 5, 2025 | By Hal Shurtleff

 

We are experiencing some issues with our on-line “Alpha-Phonics” instructions.  While we hope to work out the problem, we have a playlist of three videos that Sam produced that contain all 128 lessons:

 

 

And a link to a free PDF version of Sam’s Alpha-Phonics     https://campconstitution.net/product/alpha-phonics-workbook/

To order a hard copy of the book:  https://campconstitution.net/product/alpha-phonics-by-sam-blumenfeld/

American Minute with Bill Federer Constitution Signer Hugh Williamson, and Pastors in Politics

Published April 3, 2025 | By campconstitution

 

American Minute with Bill Federer

Constitution Signer Hugh Williamson, and Pastors in Politic
 

“The most important thing is to bring people to Christ, –and the second most important thing is to preserve the freedom to do the most important thing!”–William J. Federer

This was the attitude of pastors and seminary-trained founders who served in government in early America … continue reading …

Download as PDF …

Who is the King in America? And Who are the Counselors to the King? An Overview of 6,000 Years of History & Why America is Unique

Rev. John Witherspoon (1723-1794) was a Scottish Presbyterian pastor and President of Princeton who was a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence.

Rev. John Peter Muhlenberg (1746-1807) was a Lutheran pastor in Virginia who became a major general during the Revolutionary War, a U.S. Congressman and a U.S. Senator.

Rev. Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg (1750-1801) was a Lutheran pastor in New York who was elected a U.S. Congressman and was the First Speaker of the House, signing the Bill of Rights.

Rev. Abiel Foster (1735-1806) served as pastor in Canterbury, New Hampshire, a delegate to the Continental Congress, the New Hampshire Legislature and a U.S. Congressman.

Rev. Benjamin Contee (1755-1815) was an Episcopal pastor in Maryland who served as an officer in the Revolutionary War, a delegate to the Confederation Congress, and a U.S. Congressman.

Rev. Abraham Baldwin (1754-1807) served as a minister at Yale, a chaplain in the Revolutionary War, a delegate from Georgia to the Continental Congress, a U.S. Congressman and a U.S. Senator. He was the founding president of the University of Georgia.

Rev. Paine Wingate (1739-1838) was a pastor in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, a U.S. Congressman and a U.S. Senator.

Rev. Joseph Montgomery (1733-1794) was a Presbyterian pastor in New Castle, Delaware, married to the sister of Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration. He served as a chaplain in the Revolutionary War with Colonel Smallwood’s Maryland Regiment.

Rev. Montgomery was elected a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress, a judge, and a representative in the State Assembly.

Rev. James Manning (1738-1791) was a Baptist pastor in Rhode Island who was the first President of Brown University where, during the Revolutionary War, he allowed General Rochambeau’s French troops to camp on the campus grounds. He was elected a delegate to Congress.

Rev. John Joachim Zubly (1724-1781) was a Presbyterian pastor in Georgia who was a delegate to the Continental Congress.

Silence Equals Consent – the sin of omission: Speak Now or Forever Lose Your Freedom

Evangelist George Whitefield helped spread the Great Awakening Revival throughout the colonies. He was the first to preach to mixed race audiences. In 1739,

Whitefield inspired citizens in Philadelphia to have a charity school for blacks and poor orphan children, as Whitefield, himself, had gone to a charity school in England when he was a boy. In 1740, his followers began building a church and charity school in the city.

The Charity School was formed, teaching writing, arithmetic, and the general principles of Christianity.

Unfortunately it was short-lived. By 1746, popular evangelism declined and funding for the school dried up.

In 1749, Ben Franklin convinced the board of trustees of the newly founded Academy of Philadelphia to purchase the school.

The trustees maintained the school’s vision, and expanded it to include a secondary school for boys in 1751 and a school for girls in 1753.

In 1754, the school expanded again, adding the College of Philadelphia, with Rev. William Smith as its president.

A student who enrolled in the College’s first class was Hugh Williamson. Born December 5, 1735, he was in the first graduating class, May 17, 1757.

Five days later, his father died.

Williamson taught at the Academy of Philadelphia, tutoring students in English and Latin.

Hugh Williamson was one of 21 members of the Continental Congress who graduated from the College of Philadelphia.

Nine of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were either trustees or alumni from there.

The College of Philadelphia was renamed in 1779 to the University of Pennsylvania.

Due to his role in the founding of the University, a statue of Evangelist George Whitefield was erected in Dormitory Quadrangle in 1919.

Engraved on the base of the statue was:

“The Reverend George Whitefield, Bachelor of Arts 1736, Pembroke College Oxford — Humble Disciple of Jesus Christ, Eloquent Preacher of the Gospel.”

Who is the King in America? And Who are the Counselors to the King? An Overview of 6,000 Years of History & Why America is Unique

Another person who taught at the Academy of Philadelphia was Charles Thomson, who became the Secretary of Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence.

Thomson helped design the Great Seal of the United States, and signed Congress’ authorization for Robert Aitken to print the first English Language Bible in America.

Upon retiring from Congress, Charles Thomson spent 19 years compiling the “Thomson Bible” (printed in 1808), which contained the first American translation of the Greek Septuagint.

Hugh Williamson had an amazing career, which included becoming a licensed Presbyterian pastor, a doctor, and a signer of the U.S. Constitution.

He studied theology with Rev. Samuel Finley, who later became President of the College of New Jersey (Princeton).

At age 24, Williamson decided to go into the ministry as a Presbyterian preacher.

John Neal recorded of Hugh Williamson in the Trinity College Historical Society Papers (NY: AMS Press, 1915):

“In 1759, Williamson went to Connecticut, where he pursued his theological studies and was licensed to preach.

After returning from Connecticut, he was admitted to membership in the Presbytery of Philadelphia (the oldest in America) … (and there) preached nearly two years.”

Williamson visited and prayed for the sick, and gave sermons, until a chronic chest weakness convinced him he had to pursue a career that did not involve public speaking.

He was also disaffected by the theological debates that grew out of the Great Awakening Revival — between the “Old Lights” and the “New Lights.”

“Old Lights” were older church leaders who were rigid in orthodox teachings, emphasizing the letter of the law; while “New Lights” were zealous younger church leaders who emphasized evangelism and the Holy Spirit.

In 1760, Williamson joined the faculty at his alma mater, the College of Philadelphia, where he was professor of mathematics.

After four years, Williamson traveled to Europe to study medicine. He received his medical degree from the prestigious University of Utrecht in the Netherlands.

After graduation, Dr. Hugh Williamson practiced medicine in Philadelphia.

Williamson took it upon himself to raise money to start the Newark Academy, the seventh-oldest private school in the nation, founded by Rev. Alexander MacWhorter, an advisor to George Washington.

To raise funds for the academy, Williamson sailed to England, but not before stopping off in Boston, where he witnessed the Boston Tea Party, December 16, 1773.

When he reached London, the Privy Council — the formal advisors to the King — summoned him to testify on the rebellious actions in America.

When the Privy Council began to discuss how to punish Boston for the Tea Party, Dr. Hugh Williamson warned them that continuing their high taxes would provoke the colonies into rebellion.

He argued further that Americans should be entitled to full rights as Englishmen.

At that time, there was an American statesman in London who heard Williamson’s patriotic answers to the Privy Council. It was Ben Franklin, a founder of the school that Williamson had graduated from and taught at.

Returning to America in 1777, Dr. Hugh Williamson distinguished himself during the Revolutionary War as a Surgeon General caring for wounded North Carolina troops.

In 1780, Dr. Williamson was attached to the command of Brigadier General Isaac Gregory.

General Isaac Gregory adopted the tactics of South Carolina’s Francis Marion, nicknamed “Swamp Fox” — who would launch surprise attacks on British forces then quickly retreat into inhospitable terrain.

General Gregory stationed his troops in the Great Dismal Swamp — over 100,000 acres of dangerous wetlands between southeast Virginia and northeast North Carolina.

Dr. Williamson’s insistence on sanitation, diet and preventive medicine kept the troops virtually disease free during their six months there.

After the War, in 1782, North Carolina elected Dr. Williamson as a representative to Congress.

North Carolina’s 1776 Constitution, that was in effect at the time, stated in ARTICLE 32:

“That no person, who shall deny the being of God or the truth of t he Protestant religion, or the Divine authority either of the Old or New Testaments, or who shall hold religious principles incompatible with the freedom and safety of the State, shall be capable of holding any office or place of trust or profit in the civil department within this State.”

(“Protestant” was changed to “Christian” in 1835, then changed in 1868 to simply a belief in “Almighty God.”)

While in Congress, Dr. Williamson helped write the Northwest Territory laws.

He was part of the committee that proposed a clause, (though it was later omitted), for:

“… reserving the central section of every township for the maintenance of public schools and the section immediately to the northward for the support of religion.”

The final version of the Northwest Ordinance, July 13, 1787, included:

“Sec. 13. And, for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected …”

“Art. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory …”

“Art. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent …”

“Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory.”

From May 25 to September 17, 1787, Dr. Hugh Williamson was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia where he helped write the U.S. Constitution, lodging at the same residence as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.

Williamson signed the Constitution, then helped convinced North Carolina to ratify it. Jefferson related of Dr. Williamson’s reputation at the Constitutional Convention:

“He was a useful member, of an acute mind, attentive to business, and of an high degree of erudition.”

Dr. Hugh Williamson later became wealthy through investments and land speculations, and wrote extensively for medical and literary societies, winning international acclaim.

He participated with Ben Franklin in conducting electrical experiments.

In 1811, Dr. Hugh Williamson wrote a respected book, Observations of the Climate in Different Parts of America, in which he refuted “higher criticism” of Scripture and gave scientific explanation for the credibility of stories in the Bible, such as Noah’s flood and the events of Moses’ exodus.

Williamson served as one of the original trustees of the University of North Carolina.

Dr. Hugh Williamson died May 22, 1819, and is buried at Trinity Church, in New York City.

“The most important thing is to bring people to Christ, — and the second most important thing is to preserve the freedom to do the most important thing!”

Pastors and church leaders not involved in preserving the freedom to preach the Gospel are effectively admitting they really do not believe preaching the Gospel is that important.

In law, the rule of tacit admission is that “silence equals consent.”

The Law of Moses explains in the Book of Numbers, chapter 30.

“If a daughter binds herself while in her father’s house in her youth, and her father hears her vow … and her father holds his peace, then all her vows shall stand … but if her father overrules her on the day that he hears, then none of her vows … shall stand; and the Lord will release her.”

Pastors utilize this in weddings ceremonies, saying:

“If anyone present objects to this wedding, speak now or forever hold your peace.”

If church members hold their peace and are silent, they are giving consent to the wedding. With this understanding, if church members are silent regarding sins in a community, they are, in essence, giving consent to the sins.

And if they give consent to the sins, they share in the guilt of the sin, and they will also share in the judgment!

Leviticus 19:17 warns:

“Confront people directly so you will not be held guilty for their sin.” (NLT)

If church members know about unborn or new born babies being killed and they do nothing to stop it, they will be judged as if they had committed the sin, as explained in Proverbs 24:11-12:

“Rescue those who are unjustly sentenced to death; don’t stand back and let them die. Don’t try to disclaim responsibility by saying you didn’t know about it.

For God, who knows all hearts, knows yours, and he knows you knew! And he will reward everyone according to his deeds.” (TLB)

In Matthew 19:4, Jesus said:

“He who made them at the beginning ‘made them male and female.’”

If church members are aware their local school is indoctrinating innocent children with sexual views different than what Jesus taught, and they are silent giving their consent, Jesus warned in Mark 9:43 of the judgment they will share in:

“If anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him if a large millstone were hung around his neck and he were thrown into the sea.”

It will be a rude awakening for church members who think they are being super-spiritual by not getting involved, when they discover their silence is actually inviting the judgment of God upon their heads!

Poet Ella Wheeler Wilcox wrote:

“To sin by silence, when we should protest, makes cowards out of men.”

Baptist Pastor Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., stated:

“The church must be reminded that it is … the conscience of the state. It must be the guide and the critic of the state … If the church does not recapture its prophetic zeal, it will become an irrelevant social club without moral or spiritual authority.”

Joseph Story, the First Chief Justice of Supreme Court, wrote to Jedediah Morse, January 1, 1813:

“It is the right and duty of OUR PASTORS to press the observance of all moral and religious duties.”

President Woodrow Wilson gave an address, April 16, 1917:

“This is the time for … patriotism … I hope that the clergymen will not think the theme of it an unworthy or inappropriate subject of comment and homily from their pulpits.”

Rev. Billy Graham stated: “Bad politicians are elected by good people who don’t vote.”

President Calvin Coolidge proclaimed at the 150th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, July 5, 1926:

“The principles … which went into the Declaration of Independence … are found in … the sermons … of the early colonial clergy who were earnestly undertaking to instruct their congregations in the great mystery of how to live.

They preached equality because they believed in the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. They justified freedom by the text that we are all created in the divine image …

Placing every man on a plane where he acknowledged no superiors, where no one possessed any right to rule over him, he must inevitably choose his own rulers through a system of self-government …”

Coolidge concluded:

“In order that they might have freedom to express these thoughts and opportunity to put them into action, whole congregations WITH THEIR PASTORS migrated to the Colonies.”

Resources for engaging and supporting pastors include:

Lucas Miles,TPUSA Faith

Paul Blair, Liberty Pastors

Chad Connolly, Faith Wins

The American Renewal Project

Dran Reese, Salt & Light Council

Dave Welch, U.S. Pastors Council

Bunni Pounds, Christians Engaged

Rick Scarborough, Recover America

Richard Harris, Truth and Liberty Coalition

Rick Green, Biblical Citizenship – Patriot Academy
—

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Silence Equals Consent – the sin of omission: Speak Now or Forever Lose Your Freedom

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Liberal New Hampshire State Rep Speaks Out Against Males in Women’s Sports. Democrats Walk Out on Him

Published April 3, 2025 | By Hal Shurtleff

 

Jonah Wheeler, a 22-year-old State Rep from Peterboro , NH recently gave a speech speaking out against men competing in women’s sports.  His Democrat colleagues walk out on him.  A Bernie Sanders supporter, Jonah was called a Nazi by fellow Democrats, Mr. Wheeler said that many of his fellow liberals agree with him but are afraid to speak up.

 

Reexamining the Obama Era Endangerment Finding Reversing this faulty EPA finding will curtail climate alarmism and green energy grifting

Published March 31, 2025 | By Paul Driessen

 

The supposed climate cataclysm consensus is disintegrating under growing pressure from reality. Green energy subsidies, regulations and mandates are crumbling. Greenpeace has been hit with a $667-million judgment for conspiracy, defamation, trespass, and fostering arson and property destruction.

Last year’s “Buy a Tesla – save the planet” placards have been exchanged for “mostly peaceful” protests based on “Torch a Tesla – save our democracy” and infernos of toxic pollution and “carbon” emissions.

Even higher anxiety is battering climate activists from the Lee Zeldin Environmental Protection Agency’s review of EPA’s 2009 “Endangerment Finding” (EF) – the foundation and justification for restrictive Obama and Biden Era standards and regulations on permissible electricity generation, automobiles, furnaces, home appliances and much more.

Humans and animals exhale carbon dioxide when they breathe, combustion processes also emit CO2, and during photosynthesis plants absorb CO2 and emit oxygen. More atmospheric CO2 helps plants grow better, faster and with less water. Nearly all life on Earth depends on this process. It’s basic science.

That’s why the Clean Air Act doesn’t include carbon dioxide in its list of dangerous pollutants, along with carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ground-level ozone, particulates and sulfur dioxide.

But fossil-fuel-hating activists blame CO2 for the alleged “climate crisis” – and in Massachusetts v. EPA the US Supreme Court said EPA could regulate CO2 emissions if the agency found that they “cause or contribute” to “air pollution” that may be “reasonably anticipated” to “endanger public health or welfare.”

The Obama EPA quickly determined that they did and issued an Endangerment Finding that gave the agency effective control over America’s energy, transportation, industries, furnaces and stoves– indeed, over almost every facet of our lives and living standards – to help “fundamentally transform” the nation.

In formulating its decision, EPA did no research of its own, relied heavily on GIGO computer models and outdated technical studies, dismissed the clear benefits of rising atmospheric CO2 levels, and ignored studies that didn’t support its decision. EPA even told one of its own experts (who had offered evidence and analyses contradicting official claims) that “the administration has decided to move forward [on implementing the EF] and your comments do not help the legal or policy case for this decision.”

That alone is a compelling reason for reversing the Endangerment Finding. But other realities also argue convincingly that EPA’s 2009 action should be nullified.

First, Massachusetts v. EPA has been sidelined, rendered irrelevant or effectively reversed.

West Virginia v. EPA (2022) ruled that federal agencies may not violate the “major questions doctrine,” which holds that, in the absence of clear congressional direction or authorization, agencies may not make decisions or issue regulations “of vast economic and political significance.”

The Obama EPA had no clear congressional language or authorization to declare that carbon dioxide is a pollutant that would likely “endanger public health or welfare.” The Supreme Court’s minimal guidance in Massachusetts underscores the absence of congressional intent or direction. The process EPA used in rendering its predetermined finding demonstrates how little actual science played a role. And the enormous significance and impact of the EF decision and subsequent regulations can hardly be disputed.

Similarly, the SCOTUS 2024 ruling in Loper Bright v. Raimondo overturned the court’s 1984 decision in Chevron v. NRDC and ended judicial deference to government agencies (the “Chevron doctrine”). Bureaucrats may no longer devise “reasonable interpretations” of unclear statutory language if those interpretations would significantly expand regulatory powers or inflate private sector costs.

These two decisions mean EPA had no authority to convert plant-fertilizing, life-giving carbon dioxide into a dangerous, health-threatening pollutant.

Second, reams of post-2009 studies and analyses show that CO2 is hugely beneficial to forests, grasslands and croplands – and that CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) have not replaced the powerful, complex, interconnected natural forces that have always driven global warming, climate change, ice ages, Little Ice Ages, and extreme weather events. EPA ignored this in 2009.

Others demonstrate that there is no climate crisis, nothing unprecedented in today’s climate and weather, and nothing modern industrialized societies cannot cope with far more easily than our ancestors did.

(See Climate Change Reconsidered II, CO2 Coalition studies, NOAA hurricane history, US tornado records, and studies the Trump EPA will undoubtedly consult during its EF reconsideration.)

Third, our energy, jobs, living standards, health, welfare, national security and much more depend on fossil fuels – for energy and for pharmaceuticals, plastics and thousands of other essential products that are manufactured using petrochemical feedstocks.

Fourth, China, India and other rapidly developing nations also depend on fossil fuels – and in fact are increasing their coal and petroleum use every year – to build their industries and economies and improve their people’s health and living standards. They are not about stop doing so to appease those who insist the world faces a climate crisis. That means even eliminating coal, oil, gas and petrochemical use in the United States would have no effect on global GHG emissions.

Finally, the primary threats to human and planetary health and welfare come not from using fossil fuels – but from eliminating them, trying to switch to “clean, green, renewable” energy, and no longer having vital petrochemical products.

As Britain and Germany have shown, switching to intermittent, weather-dependent wind and solar energy with backup power raises electricity prices to 3-4 times what average Americans currently pay. Industries cannot compete internationally, millions lose their jobs, living expenses soar, and families cannot afford to heat their homes in winter or cool them in summertime.

Thousands die unnecessarily every year from heatstroke, hypothermia, and diseases they would survive if they weren’t so hot, cold or malnourished.

In poor countries, millions die annually from indoor pollution from wood and dung fires, from spoiled food due to lack of refrigeration, from contaminated drinking water due to the absence of sanitation and treated water, and from diseases that would be cured in modern healthcare systems.

The common factor in all these deaths is the absence of reliable, affordable energy, largely imposed by climate-focused bureaucrats who finance only wind and solar projects in poor nations.

Wind and solar power, electric vehicle and grid-backup batteries, and associated transmission lines require metals and minerals mining and processing on unprecedented scales, power-generation facilities blanketing millions of acres of croplands and wildlife habitats, and the disposal of gigantic equipment that breaks or wears out quickly and cannot be recycled.

Reliance on wind, solar and battery power also means blackouts amid heatwaves and cold spells, cars stalled in snowstorms and hurricane evacuations – and thus still more deaths.

A slightly warmer planet with more atmospheric CO2 would be greatly beneficial for plants, wildlife and humanity. A colder planet with less carbon dioxide would significantly reduce arable croplands, growing seasons, wildlife habitats and our ability to feed humanity.

EPA’s 2009 Endangerment Finding ignored virtually all these realities. EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin’s reexamination of that decision must not repeat that mistake.

Paul Driessen is senior policy analyst for the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow (www.CFACT.org) and author of books and articles on energy, climate change, economic development and human rights.

Pastor David Whitney Returning to Camp Constitution’s Annual Week-Long Family Camp

Published March 30, 2025 | By Hal Shurtleff

 

For the sixth year in a row, Pastor David Whitney of the Institute on the Constitution will return to our annual family camp.

Pastor David Whitney graduated from Rutgers University as a Henry Rutgers Honors Scholar with Honors in History. He received his Masters Degree from Denver Seminary. He has pastored churches in New Jersey, Colorado, Florida and Maryland for more than 40 years. He is currently the Pastor of Cornerstone Evangelical Free Church of Bowie, Maryland.  In addition for more than 21 years he has been teaching the Christian heritage and history of our country with the Institute on the Constitution where he serves as Senior Instructor. He is Author of numerous Courses as well Radio show host. His show can be heard on www.1180WFYL.com Fri 8am live or anytime on podcast. He speaks on Constitutional issues around the country, to civic and church groups. He conducts classes on the US Constitution, the Duty of the Jury, the History of America’s founding, the Sheriff and Citizen, Fundamental Principles of Freedom and the Maryland Constitution

 

A class taught by Pastor Whitney as last year’s camp:

Our camp runs from Sunday July 13 to Friday July 18 and will be held at Singing Hills Christian Camp in Plainfield, NH.  To sign up or learn more, please visit our website https://www.campconstitution.net

The Weekly Sam: How to Increase Your Vocabulary By Samuel L. Blumenfeld

Published March 29, 2025 | By campconstitution

 

Evolutionists love to remind us how close our DNA is to that of the chimpanzee or
gorilla. But there is one very sharp distinction between human beings and every other
species, including the various kinds of monkeys. God gave us the faculty of language,
the faculty of speech.

Why did God so endow the human being with this remarkable ability? If you read the
Bible you will find the answer. We read in Genesis 1:27: “And God created man in his
own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.”
We were created to be like God, to have certain attributes of God, but not be God. The
next passage makes that clear: “And God blessed them, and God said unto them, be
fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the
fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and of every living thing that moveth upon
the earth.”

And in order to do all of that God gave man a brain properly endowed with extraordinary
intelligence in order to carry out these huge tasks. The Bible further states in Genesis
2:19: “And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every
fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and
whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.”

In other words, God made Adam into a lexicographer–an inventor of names, a creator of
vocabulary. Indeed, God gave man the power of language in order to serve four
different functions: The first, to know God and be able to communicate with Him. We
do that every day through prayer. We’ve done that by writing the Bible, the history of
man’s relations with God. Second, we use language to know one’s mate with the ability
to communicate at the deepest intimate level. Third, we use language to be able to know
other human beings and thereby create society. And Fourth, we use language to know
oneself.

We are constantly speaking inwardly to ourselves in order to understand who
and what we are, and in order to transform our dreams and ideas into reality.
So why should we want to expand our vocabularies? Because knowledge is power, and
every new word represents new knowledge. And how does one increase one’s
vocabulary? A good place to start is by reading Shakespeare’s plays, all 36 of them
which were published in the First Folio in 1623. It is said that Shakespeare invented
more new words than any other writer in English literature. New words are needed
when it is necessary to convey the meaning of something for which no word exists.

Another good way to expand one’s vocabulary is to read 19th century literature, including
Dickens, Carlyle, James Fenimore Cooper, Thackerary, Washington Irving, and other
great masters of the written word, who had extensive, rich vocabularies. Also read the
most literate writers you can find who are not afraid to show off their use of vocabulary.
However, whenever reading such works, keep a blank notebook at your side in which you
can jot down all of the new words you’ve encountered. Then read their definitions in your
dictionary and write your own sentences using these new words. Remember, the more
words you know, the more knowledge you have, for each new word represents new
knowledge.

As we said, new words are needed to express new ideas or actions for which no words
exist. This is particularly true in our hi-tech culture where advances in computer and
internet technology require us to invent new words. Words like “geek” and “nerd” were
invented by students to describe those with a passion for computers and technological
inventions. Such new words are being invented every day.

The fact that God commanded Adam to name every living creature meant that an
important part of being a human was the need to make good use of greatest gift God gave
us, the faculty of language.
.
In other words, man was exalted in a way that no other species was by his Creator.
Thus, increasing and expanding one’s vocabulary is not only necessary for the
advancement of man’s purpose on earth, but also needed to carry out God’s
commandments. Besides having been given the faculty of speech we were also endowed
with a voice-box that could express thoughts and ideas by sounds. An extraordinary
physical phenomenon.

Language, in fact, is the link to the spiritual dimension in our lives. Man is a spiritual as
well as a physical being. We are made of matter by God who is not matter. Indeed, if
you become a physicist, you will find that the deeper you explore the nature of matter,
you will reach virtually no matter at all.

Remember, language is sounds made by the voice box. It has no substance but what it
signals in our heads. But written language has permitted us to make a permanent record
of what is said. That is why we have science, history, and life stories to tell.
It is the exploration of that microcosmic realm that has made it possible for man to
develop computer science in which a million transistors can be put on a microscopic
silicon chip.

So scientists increase our vocabulary every day by making discoveries that have to be
named. Whenever we invent something new, we have to invent words to describe it.
By the way, God put our language faculty in the left hemisphere of our brains. It is our
most valuable piece of brain matter. Without it we would not be human beings. The
right hemisphere deals with space, dimension, art, and perspective. In American schools
teachers force students to use the right brain to perform the functions of the left brain.
The result is dyslexia.

Learning to read must be taught phonetically through intensive phonics so that it
conforms with the functions of the language faculty and expands its power. In fact our
alphabetic reading and writing system is the most successful reading system ever
invented because it conforms with the left brain’s faculty, thus making it easy for anyone
to learn to read.

And so, increase your vocabulary in order to increase the power of your brain and the
power of your mind. Our brains emit dreams, images, and ideas that are not matter, but
are the basis of human power. The more words you know, the more power you will
have to create, grow, and prosper. Indeed, learning the vocabulary of the stock market
may lead you to become a millionaire.

The Blumenfeld Archives

(The above article is from the Sam Blumenfeld Archives:  http://blumenfeld.campconstitution.net/main.htm

Designed by Eric Conover.